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Collection "Roads and bridges" - Issue 54-2/2025



ANALYSIS OF THE BITUMEN BINDER MARKET BALANCE, INCLUDING RAW MATERIALS CONSTRAINTS

  • Iliya S. Kudryashov1
    Aleksei A. Ignatyev2
    Valerii A. Kretov3
    Dmitry S. Ryabukhin4
    Vladimir A. Popov5

    1,4,5Gazpromneft – Industrial Innovations LLC, Bitumen Materials Research Center, Saint Petersburg, Russia
    2Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
    3Russian University of Transport, Moscow, Russia
    1Kudryashov.IS @gazprom-neft.ru
    2A.Ignatyev@madi.ru
    3Cadimost@mail.ru
    4Ryabukhin.ds@gazprom-neft.ru
    5Popov.VAr@gazprom-neft.ru

  • Abstract: Bitumen is a key material for road construction and waterproofing, traditionally produced from heavy oil fractions. As part of the emerging global trend of transforming approaches to oil refining depth, energy source selection, and stricter environmental standards, the bitumen binders market is facing raw materials constraints and changing demand patterns. Due to the development of processing technologies and the modernization of Russian oil refineries a revision of long-term forecasts for inventory planning, logistics, and regional differences in demand caused by planned and federal advanced development projects is required. The article presents a forecast for the redistribution of heavy distillates between alternative consumers within refinery plants. A proposal has been put forward for the construction and oil refining industries to combine efforts to comprehensively study the composition of produced bitumen, in order to create open and accessible information on quality indicators for all market participants and developing a long-term demand scenario for oxidized and modified petroleum products.
  • Keywords: Oil, bitumen, oil residues, oil refining, polymer-bitumen binders (PBB), road construction.
  • UDC: 665.775:625.85
  • EDN: PPTFKG
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-09-26
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APPLICATION OF MODERN ROAD STANDARDS IMPLEMENTING THE METHODOLOGY OF VOLUMETRIC-FUNCTIONAL DESIGN IN RECONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION AND MAJOR REPAIRS OF AIRFIELD INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES

  • Vladimir A. Popov1
    Mikhail K. Pozdnyakov2 

    1«Gazpromneft – Industrial Innovations» LLC, St. Petersburg, Russia
    2«Gazpromneft – Road Construction» LLC, St. Petersburg, Russia
    1Popov.VAr@gazprom-neft.ru
    2Pozdnyakov.MK@gazprom-neft.ru

  • Abstract: The article analyzes the paradoxical situation that has developed in practice, when progressive, scientifically based and time-tested road standards implementing the methodology of volumetric-functional design cannot be used in the airfield industry. The advantages of new road standards are substantiated, data on the use of progressive national standards on the federal, territorial and municipal road network are provided. Stakeholders of the update of the airfield regulatory framework and the benefits acquired in their area of responsibility are identified. An action plan to overcome obstacles in the implementation of advanced standards in the reconstruction, construction and major repairs of airfield infrastructure facilities is proposed.
  • Keywords: Progressive road standards, volumetric-functional method, Marshall methodology, Superpave, update of the airfield regulatory framework.
  • UDC: 006.4:625.7/.8
  • EDN: LLHGAA
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-29-44
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JUSTIFICATION OF OPERATIONAL CONDITION INDICATORS FOR ROAD SECTIONS WITH AUTOMATIC VEHICLE WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONAL CONTROL POINTS

  • Maksim D. Filippov1
    Alexander M. Kulizhnikov2 

    1,2Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia
    1filippov@rosdornii.ru
    2KulizhnikovAM@rosdornii.ru, SPIN-код: 4947-3551, AuthorID: 360467

  • Abstract: This article presents the results of research work dedicated to the collection and analysis of operational condition data of road sections with automatic vehicle weight and dimensional control points (AWDCP). The analysis identified operational condition indicators for sections with AWDCP that affect the accuracy of vehicle weight measurement. A detailed correlation and regression analysis were conducted using the collected data to determine the relationship between the measurement error of vehicle weight parameters and these indicators. This work resulted in recommendations for operational condition indicators for road sections with AWDCP, which will improve the reliability and extend the service life of weighing equipment, thereby improving the system for monitoring the condition of roads and their viability.
  • Keywords: Operational condition indicators, longitudinal evenness, transverse evenness (rutting), linear weighing equipment, exceeding, regulatory requirements, error, axle load.
  • UDC: 625.7/.8
  • EDN: JKVHCW
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-47-65
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PREDICTING RUT WEAR DEPTH OF ROAD SURFACE

  • Nikolay A. Lushnikov1
    Petr A. Lushnikov2
    Gleb A. Ponarin3 

    1,2,3Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia
    1Russian University of Transport (MIIT), Moscow, Russia 
    1lushnikov@rosdornii.ru, SPIN-код: 6761-7089, AuthorID: 371763
    2P.lushnikov@rosdornii.ru
    3PonarinGA@rosdornii.ru, SPIN-код: 3055-0430, AuthorID: 77154

  • Abstract: This article examines issues related to determining the rut depth of asphalt concrete road surfaces. Based on the π-theorem of dimensional theory, a formula is proposed for quantitatively assessing rut depth depending on a number of factors: traffic speed, magnitude and number of wheel loads, asphalt concrete elastic modulus, and tire stud characteristics. Two main road surface wear mechanisms are considered: abrasive and contact fatigue. Abrasive wear occurs as a result of tire friction against the pavement, while contact fatigue wear occurs as a result of the accumulation of damage within the pavement, leading to its destruction through the formation of wear particles. The article presents a comparison of experimental data with calculated data obtained using the proposed relationship for estimating rut depth.
  • Keywords: Road surface, wear rut, wear mechanisms, π-theorem of dimensional theory.
  • UDC: 625.855.3
  • EDN: GPKXQP
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-66-77
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CONDUCTING A STUDY OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE MICROPROFILE OF A ROAD SURFACE BASED ON THE RESULTS OF COMPARATIVE TESTS

  • Alexander S. Konorev1
    Sergey A. Mironchuk2
    Victor A. Dumenko3
    Alexander B. Volkov4 

    1,2,3,4Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia
    1konorev@rosdornii.ru; SPIN-код: 7240-7371; AuthorID: 80719; ORCID 0009-0007-1052-0260
    2mironchuk@rosdornii.ru; SPIN-код: 5501-4190; AuthorID: 820416
    3dumenko@rosdornii.ru; SPIN-код: 1324-9900; AuthorID: 1124776; ORCID 0009-0002-0487-7216
    4volkov@rosdornii.ru; SPIN-код: 6255-8921; AuthorID: 1204997

  • Abstract: This article examines the measurement of longitudinal roadway evenness using profilometers and mobile laser scanning units (MLS). Three sections with different IRI values on one road were selected, marked, and leveled, followed by comparative testing by eight laboratories equipped with profilometers and four MLS units. Based on the test results, the road surface microprofile ordinates were obtained for the road sections, which were used to calculate the International Roughness Index (IRI). The obtained microprofile ordinates and IRI values were analyzed and compared with the data obtained during leveling, and general conclusions regarding the microprofile measurement methodology have been drawn.
  • Keywords: Road surface, smoothness, microprofile, International Roughness Index (IRI), distribution of roughness values.
  • UDC: 625.7.03:531.1
  • EDN: FFKCXE
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-78-91
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ABOUT THE EFFECT OF A NON-DEFORMABLE LAYER UNDER ROAD PAVEMENT WHEN FALLING WEIGHT DEFLECTOMETER TESTING

  • Mikhail Yu. Gorsky1 

    1ANO «Scientific Research Institute of Transport and Construction Complex» (ANO «NII TSK»), Moscow, Russia 
    1gorskiy@niitsk.ru; ORCID: 0009-0002-8156-0685; SPIN-код: 8446-5661; AuthorID: 1205237

  • Abstract: This article considers the main challenges in obtaining accurate results of the back calculation of the elastic moduli of materials in the structural layers of flexible road pavements based on the results of falling weight deflectometer testing. It is found that the ratio of the maximum displacement of the central deflection sensor equipment to the maximum displacement of its last sensor, observed in field tests of pavements, can significantly exceed that obtained using the standard algorithm. The author proposes a modification to the calculation algorithm presented in the current national standard. It is shown that modifying the calculation algorithm by adding a non-deformable layer at a certain depth to the road structure model significantly improves the accuracy of elastic moduli calculations. The prospects for applying the method in assessing the strength and designing road surfaces are determined.
  • Keywords: Dynamic loading equipment (falling weight deflectometer), road pavement, deflection basin, elastic modulus, back calculation, non-deformable layer, compressible soil depth.
  • UDC: 625.7/.8
  • EDN: EJMEDU
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-92-108
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STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SEALING MATERIALS IN VARIOUS TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS OF OPERATION OF CEMENT CONCRETE ROAD PAVEMENTS

  • Viktor V. Ushakov1
    Vadim A. Maksimov2 

    1,2Moscow Automobile and Road Engineering State Technical University (MADI), Moscow, Russia
    1madi-ushakov@mail.ru; SPIN-код: 9015-1817
    2Maksimov.Vadim.007@yandex.ru; ORCID: 0009-0000-1881-6639; SPIN-код: 3498-3242

  • Abstract: The article presents the results of the study of the performance of sealing materials used in expansion joints of cement concrete road pavements. Deformations and destruction of cement concrete pavements in the area of expansion joints are analyzed. The main requirements for the arrangement of expansion joints, as well as the reasons for the loss of performance of expansion joints of cement concrete pavements are described. The tests were carried out using a special installation simulating the effect of climatic conditions on sealing materials in expansion joints. Sealing materials that are more suitable for certain operating conditions are determined. A comparative analysis of the performance properties of polymer-bitumen and polysulfide sealing materials is carried out. Conclusions on the feasibility of using these types of sealing materials, depending on the temperature regime of operation of cement concrete road pavements, are made.
  • Keywords: Roads, cement concrete pavements, expansion joints, sealing materials, polymer-bitumen sealing materials, polysulfide sealing materials, performance of expansion joints.
  • UDC: 625.848
  • EDN: DNHBNO
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-109-127
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DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GPR TECHNOLOGIES BASED ON THE ANALYSIS OF COMPARATIVE TEST RESULTS

  • Roman A. Eremin1
    Alexander M. Kulizhnikov2

    1,2Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia 
    1ereminra@rosdornii.ru, SPIN-код: 2605-6202, AuthorID: 818901
    2KulizhnikovAM@rosdornii.ru, SPIN-код: 4947-3551, AuthorID: 360467

  • Abstract: This publication presents the results of comparative tests of ground-penetrating radar equipment from 2019 to 2022. Various types of GPR were studied, differing: in their contact method (contact and non-contact); signal nature (pulse and multi-frequency); number of channels (single-channel and multi-channel); and application (universal and specialized). The study places particular emphasis on the practical application of GPR in road construction. The capabilities and error of determining the following are analyzed: pavement layer thickness; weakened zones in the road base; areas of reduced road structure strength based on the analysis of the GPR signal. It is also considered a new approach to replacing traditional destructive methods of calibrating GPR data with modern non-destructive technologies. The paper analyzes in detail the effectiveness of various models of GPR equipment and associated software. Modern methods for processing GPR data, including those using artificial intelligence technologies, are presented.
  • Keywords: Ground penetrating radar, GPR, layer thickness, weakened zone, attribute analysis, modulus of elasticity, durability, pavement, road, artificial intelligence.
  • UDC: 625.762.1:550.8.053
  • EDN: VAMUWP
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-128-148
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ANALYSIS OF LOSS OF BEARING CAPACITY OF FRICTION JOINTS OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS

  • Valerii P. Eremeev1
    Igor K. Matveev2
    Pavel V. Eremeev3
    Daniil V. Eremeev4 

    1«LIRM» LTD, Kazan, Russia
    2FSBI «Rosdortekhnologia», Moscow, Russia
    3,4Kazan State Architectural and Construction University; JSC «Spetsremproekt», Kazan, Russia
    1eremeev.v.p@yandex.ru, SPIN-код: 4325-7844
    2ikmatveev@yandex.ru, SPIN-код: 8844-1076
    3pavil-66@inbox.ru, SPIN-код: 5336-8860
    4eremeev_dv@inbox.ru, SPIN-код: 9893-8313; ORCID: 0000-0002-7883-1264

  • Abstract: The article examines the cases of shear displacements in frictional connections of steel span structures of two road overpasses during acceptance testing. When testing deformations, stresses, and vibrations in the elements of the span structures have been measured and recorded. Characteristic damages and conditions of frictional connection elements such as high-strength bolts, plates, and joined elements are described. The friction coefficient at the moment of shear between the friction surfaces has been calculated and found to be significantly lower than the value required by standards. Key features for visual and instrumental identification of damages in frictional connections of operational steel bridge span structures are highlighted. The dynamic component in the loss of bearing capacity of frictional connections is noted. Additional verification calculations to improve the reliability of bridge structures are presented. The obtained results have been compared with data from studies by Russian and foreign authors. The necessity of monitoring the condition of frictional connections in steel bridge span structures during their operation is emphasized.
  • Keywords: Friction connections, span structures, torque coefficient, friction coefficient, ultimate limit state, shear, shear failure, high-strength bolts, bridge testing, monitoring.
  • UDC: 624.21/.8
  • EDN: TEXABE
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-151-173
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ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF EXPANSION JOINT DESIGN ON THE DYNAMIC EFFECT OF VEHICLE PASSAGE

  • Vladimir L. Martinson1
    Alexander S. Konorev2
    Evgeny A. Eremenko3
    Viktor A. Dumenko4
    Alexander B. Volkov5

    1,2,3,4,5Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia
    4Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI), Moscow, Russia
    1MartinsonVL@rosdornii.ru
    2konorev@rosdornii.ru; SPIN: 7240-7371; ORCID 0009-0007-1052-0260
    3eremenko@rosdornii.ru; SPIN: 3737-4889; ORCID 0009-0006-6048-2517
    4dumenko@rosdornii.ru; SPIN: 1324-9900; ORCID 0009-0002-0487-7216
    5volkov@rosdornii.ru

    SPIN: 6255-8921
  • Abstract: The article examines the influence of the design of transition zones of polymer concrete expansion joints on the dynamic impact of vehicle passage. Modeling was performed using the Universal Mechanism program for four types of transition zone designs. The dynamic impact was assessed for three vehicles: a passenger car and a five-axle articulate vehicle (a two-axle truck with a semitrailer), both empty and loaded. The modeling was conducted for three speeds: 40, 80, and 120 km/h. The modeling results yielded the maximum dynamic coefficient values that occur when driving along the considered expansion joint structures and the dependence of the maximum dynamic coefficient at different speeds. Based on the obtained data, it was concluded that it is advisable to use one of the transition zone design types for expansion joints to reduce dynamic loads.
  • Keywords: Expansion joint, polymer transition zones, transition zone design, dynamic coefficient, modeling, universal mechanism.
  • UDC: 625.7/.8
  • EDN: SHUDJQ
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-174-192
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RESEARCH ON THE PRESERVATION OF ENGINEERING STRUCTURES AND ROAD SAFETY WHEN PASSING VEHICLES WITH EXCEEDING HEIGHT DIMENSIONS

  • Boris B. Anokhin1
    Daria A. Strakhova2

    1,2 Russian Road Scientific Research Institute (FAI «ROSDORNII»), Moscow, Russia
    1anokhin@rosdornii.ru, SPIN-код: 8332-7531, AuthorID: 672064
    2strakhova@rosdornii.ru

  • Abstract: Recently, due to violations of the requirements for limiting the height of vehicle dimensions, there have been more frequent cases of bridges or their individual elements collapses, moreover, the most severe consequences occur when vehicles collide with modular (rapidly constructed) pedestrian overpasses. The existing network of roads includes a large number of various bridges, tunnels, and other engineering structures. Given that some of these structures were installed at different times in accordance with regulatory requirements that differ from the current ones, the height approach dimensions of many of them do not ensure safe passage of vehicles under these structures. In this regard, in addition to the 3.13 «Height Limit» road signs, in some cases, dimensional gates are installed in front of engineering structures, whose height dimensions do not meet the current requirements to limit the actual height of vehicles passing through. At the same time, until now, the current regulatory documents on standardization did not contain unified requirements for the design of dimensional gates, their parameters, and application rules. Given the relevance of this issue, the article focuses on the scientific research that preceded the development of the standard GOST R 72245-2025 «Public Roads. Dimensional gates. General Requirements» and provides an overview of its content. The national standard provides general requirements for newly installed dimensional gates on public roads in front of engineering structures to ensure their safety and prevent road accidents with them when vehicles with or without cargo with dimensions in height exceeding under clearance in height of engineering structures.
  • Keywords: Road safety, dimensional gates, pedestrian overpasses, road approach dimensions, under clearance height, engineering structures.
  • UDC: 625.7/.8+624.21:656.13
  • EDN: PAQTDG
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-195-210
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INDUSTRY SYSTEM OF CLASSIFIERS AS A BASIS FOR THE FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE OF AN INFORMATION MODEL OF A ROAD FACILITY

  • Ivan I. Zhevzhikov1
    Aleksandr V. Annenkov2 

    1,2FAI «ROSDORNII», Moscow, Russia
    1zhevzhikoviv@rosdornii.ru
    2annenkov@rosdornii.ru

  • Abstract: The article presents a description of the classifier system for the road infrastructure (CSRI) as a priority step to ensure the digital transformation of the road industry. As an example, the connection of the classifier system with the XML format of information model files and the use of the XML language to describe process maps is shown (using the example of the process of preparatory work during the installation of protective layers and wear layers of road pavement according to the standard GOST R 70647-2023). At the same time, the classifier system is used as a basis for XML markup and ensuring interoperability in the digitalization of the road industry at all stages of the life cycle of objects. It is noted the need to develop the road classifier system considering that the classifier of construction information developed by FAI «FCC» (Federal Center for Normation, Standardization and Technical Assessment of Conformity in Construction) is poorly applicable for the purpose of integrated digitalization and automation of the road sector assuming that the classifier does not take into account industry regulatory and technical requirements, and also introduces an ambiguous understanding of the same terms due to glossary discrepancies.
  • Keywords: Classification, modeling, digitalization, automation, robotics, classifier system for the road infrastructure (CSRI), Building Information Model (BIM).
  • UDC: 625.7/.8 004.656
  • EDN: OEKGNA
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-213-236
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PROBLEMS OF PROVIDING A UNIFIED COORDINATE DATA ENVIRONMENT IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS AT THE STAGE OF ROAD OPERATION

  • Alexey V. Konkin1
    Tikhon A. Mazyrin2
    Nikolay V. Boykov3 

    1,2Moscow Automobile and Road Engineering State Technical University (MADI), Moscow, Russia
    3Indorsoft LLC, Tomsk, Russia
    1konkin@rambler.ru
    2mta.khimki@yandex.ru
    3n_mems@mail.ru

  • Abstract: This article presents the issues of providing a unified coordinate data environment in geographic information systems (GIS) during the road operation phase. An overview of the data formats used in GIS during the operation phase is done. The challenges of providing a unified coordinate data environment in GIS are highlighted. The main methods for creating a common coordinate environment during the road operation phase are discussed.
  • Keywords: unified coordinate data environment, information model, geographic information systems (GIS), road operation, InfraTIM, digital twin.
  • UDC: 625.7:004
  • EDN: NXLQAU
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-237-250
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METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO CALCULATIONS OF ROAD PAVEMENTS USING GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIALS REINFORCING NON-COHENSIVE BASE LAYERS ON THE EXAMPLE OF GEOGRIDS

  • Dmitry V. Medvedev1
    Evgeniy N. Simchuk2
    Mikhail Yu. Gorsky3 

    1,2,3ANO «Scientific Research Institute of Transport and Construction Complex» (ANO «NII TSK»), Moscow, Russia
    1medvedev@niitsk.ru; SPIN-код: 1435-2811; AuthorID: 1208829
    2simchuk@niitsk.ru; http:// orcid.org/0009-0008-8051-5624; SPIN-код: 4156-4360; AuthorID: 1206910
    3gorskiy@niitsk.ru; https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8156-0685; SPIN-код: 8446-5661; AuthorID: 1205237

  • Abstract: The authors present a review of methodological approaches used by leading foreign countries to calculate road pavement structures using geosynthetic materials – geogrids – for reinforcing structural layers of non-cohesive materials. The paper analyzes the mechanisms of geogrids performance in layers of crushed stone and crushed stone-sand mixtures, including horizontal strain limitation, increasing stiffness, redistributing stresses, and membrane resistance. The results of laboratory and field tests, in particular accelerated load tests and numerical modeling using the finite element method, are considered. It is found that geogrid reinforcement reduces residual deformations in noncohesive layers and slows rutting. The key geogrid characteristics for calculation are the secant modulus at low strains, cell geometry, and interaction parameters with the granular material. The results of the study can be used in planning research work on the inclusion of reinforcing geogrids in unbound base layers, as well as developing regulatory documents on the design of road pavements, field and laboratory testing of geogrids.
  • Keywords: Roads, pavements, geosynthetic materials, structural layers, geogrid, reinforcement, unbound layers, structural design, experimental studies.
  • UDC: 625.72:625.855.3
  • EDN: NKYOTZ
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-253-270
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STUDYING OF THE POSSIBILITY OF MODIFYING ASPHALT CONCRETE MIX WITH RECYCLED PLASTICS

  • Svetlana V. Polyakova1
    Yuri E. Vasiliev2

    1FAI «ROSDORNII», Moscow, Russia
    2Moscow Automobile and Road State Technical University (MADI), Moscow, Russia 
    1polyakovasv@rosdornii.ru, https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4493-095X
    2vashome@yandex.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1634-0152

  • Abstract: Bitumen binders play a key role in regulating the performance characteristics of asphalt concrete pavements. They can act as hydrocarbon solvents or as a base for modification to improve the final physical and mechanical properties through the introduction of various additives, such as polymers, plasticizers, surfactants, etc. Primary polymers, particularly thermoplastic elastomers such as SBS, are most widely used in the production of polymer-bitumen binders (PBBs) using wet technology to comprehensively improve the performance characteristics of asphalt concrete pavements. In the last decade, in foreign practice particular attention is paid to the use of asphalt concrete mix modifiers, introduced directly into the mineral part of the mix using «dry» technology at the asphalt plant. This can significantly simplify the process, reduce energy consumption, and prevent environmental pollution. Another promising way related to environmental aspects is the modification of asphalt concrete mixes with secondary plastic from recycled plastic waste (RPW), using both «dry» and «wet» technologies that can improve the environmental situation in areas where RPW is generated and stored.
  • Keywords: "Dry" and "wet" production technologies, asphalt concrete mix, plastic waste (PW), binder modified with secondary plastic.
  • UDC: 625.7/.8:658.567
  • EDN: MRPGCT
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.70991/1815-896X-2025-2-54-273-293
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